Like many terms in the LGBTQIA+ vernacular, the meaning of “queer” has shifted dramatically over time. What once started as a derogatory slur to describe those who strayed from heteronormative norms has been repurposed into a word with connotations of pride and inclusivity. In fact, so much has the term evolved over the last two centuries that the LGBTQ+ community itself has since reclaimed “queer” for its own use.

This article will unpack the complex linguistic history of “queer,” exploring its origins, historical context and crucial moments that have influenced the way we know and understand the term today. We’ll also recommend a few great resources and LGBTQ+ archives if you’re itching to continue learning more about the history of LGBTQ+ communities across the world.

Early Roots and Stigmatisation

Many older generations of the LGBTQ+ community will remember that “queer” hasn’t always been a positive term. Indeed, the word has a rather complicated linguistic history. First appearing in the English language in the 16th century as a mildly offensive term to describe something "odd," "strange" or "out of place," the term took on a more pointed and derogatory meaning in the late 19th century; it was here when “queer” became a potent slur specifically directed at individuals who engaged in same-sex relationships. The term also became used to shame and ostracise those who displayed gender non-conforming behavior.

The use of “queer” as a derogatory slur can best be understood when placed in its historical context. Indeed, the Victorian era was a period where heteronormative ideals dominated Western society and rigid moral codes were held in the highest regard. Anyone who didn’t conform to these norms was considered a disruption to the model Christian way of life. Much of the pre-20th-century literature and many of the historical documents dated around this time are filled with instances of "queer" being employed as a means of derogation, showcasing the widespread prejudice associated with non-hetero identities across history.

On top of this loaded and discriminatory term, the idea that being “queer” was socially unacceptable at this time was further reinforced outside of published literature and the everyday vernacular. Anti-sodomy statues were erected to remind individuals that engaging in homosexual relations wasn’t just against your moral virtue, but also punishable by law. As a result, many members of the LGBTQ+ community stayed in the closet, too scared to reveal their true identity for fear of the repercussions. It’s here we must also remember many individuals still feel they cannot be their true authentic selves in the country they’re living in today.

Reclamation of "Queer" in LGBTQ+ Communities

It wasn’t until the late 20th century that “queer” was reclaimed - and repurposed. As LGBTQ+ rights movements gained momentum, activists used “queer” as a banner to rally for

social change. Instead of a label thrust upon individuals living outside the heterosexual norm, the term became a deliberate act of defiance; adopting and reclaiming the label of “queer” was a powerful way for LGBTQIA+ communities to challenge the shame and stigma associated with non-normative sexual orientations and gender identities.

The reclamation of “queer” was also used by many activist organizations at this time who used this term as linguistic arsenal in their fight towards LGBTQ+ equality. For example, groups like "Queer Nation" were formed, proudly asserting their queerness as a political stance against homophobia, transphobia and discrimination. Through protests, demonstrations and visibility campaigns, activist groups reclaimed "queer" as a term of pride and unity. As such, this term went from a way to silence LGBTQ+ voices, to being used by these voices themselves to celebrate diverse identities.

Academic and Theoretical Adoption

Alongside LGBTQ+ rights movements and those fighting for LGBTQ+ equality, academics and scholars also began to reclaim "queer" from its derogatory origins. This happened around the same time in the latter half of the 20th century and can most notably be seen in the emergence of "queer theory,” an academic approach centered around the study of gender and sexuality. If you’ve heard of Judith Butler, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and Michel Foucault - chances are you’ve heard of “queer theory.”

At the time, this academic approach was nothing short of groundbreaking; while “queer theory” is now an integral part of scholarly research, this sector of human existence had previously been unexplored in academic circles. In a nutshell, “queer theory” was created as a framework for understanding the complexities of sexual orientation and gender identity - beyond the binary categorizations that had taken center stage up until now. This intellectual movement not only criticized the limitations of such binary views on sexuality but also highlighted the fluidity and complexity of human experiences.

The increase in academics studying “queer theory” naturally also led to a shift in usage of the term. As such, “queer” became a broader descriptor that didn’t stigmatize diverse sexual orientations and gender identities, but instead encompassed and celebrated them. This also led to an evolved understanding of LGBTQ+ experiences within academic, activist and broader social contexts. To this day, academics use “queer theory” to challenge dominant narratives, advocate for social justice and expand our understanding of the diverse spectrum of individuals under the LGBTQ+ umbrella.

Mainstream Resurgence

The reclamation of "queer" in the late 20th century also caused another linguistic domino effect in the years that followed: a resurgence of the term in mainstream media and culture. This resurgence was no doubt influenced by the profound shift in societal attitudes towards LGBTQ+ identities, particularly as platforms moved towards more diverse and genuine portrayals of LGBTQ+ identities. Whether it’s "Queer Eye" or "The L Word," television shows, films and literature have now embraced "queer" as a term of empowerment, rather than ostracisation.

Alongside the rise in representation in mainstream media, we can also look at how modern reclamation movements have propelled the term "queer" into the cultural spotlight. Following the footsteps of those before them, modern activist groups and artists have further embraced what it means to be “queer,” using the term as a symbol of pride and empowerment. A great example here are online movements like #QueerJoy and #QueerAndStillHere which create a sense of community and strength among the same LGBTQ+ communities once persecuted by this term.

Global Perspectives

When exploring the linguistic history of the term “queer,” it’s also important to look at how the word has transformed and developed on a global level. Much like the diverse cultural contexts of LGBTQ+ communities worldwide, this term has been translated and adapted over the years in countless foreign languages.

For instance, in French, the term "queer" can be translated as "marginal" or "non-conformiste," showing resistance to societal norms. In German, "queer" might be rendered as "anders," which means "different," celebrating diversity in the LGBTQ+ community. These translations of "queer" in various languages showcase the widespread presence of LGBTQ+ identities and the diverse range of expressions and experiences in LGBTQ+ communities globally.

While the definition of “queer” changes with varying translations, many cultures have their own queer terminology to describe gender identities and sexual orientations that are different from Western concepts. For example, the hijra community in South Asia has distinct terminology to describe individuals who are gender-diverse and have traditionally held respected roles in society. Indigenous cultures, like the Two-Spirit people in many Native American tribes, historically also used terms such as "berdache" or "winkte" to describe individuals who embody both masculine and feminine qualities.

The differences in queer terms around the world show the variety of gender and sexual identities across every single continent. It's crucial to respect the cultural backgrounds where these terms come from, something we know is important from our work as the first translation agency solely for queer communities. As such, LGBTQ+ rights movements are becoming more visible worldwide, leading to ongoing conversations about inclusive language that respects diverse queer experiences globally.

Challenges and Controversies

In general, exploring LGBTQ+ linguistic history can be quite challenging because the language we use today was not available in the past. For example, some archives may not have materials with labels like Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual or Trans because those terms were not commonly used. However, as our understanding of LGBT history grows, our language and terminology also evolve… and this evolution is exactly what this article seeks to explore!

When looking at the challenges and controversies behind the term “queer,” we can break the pushback into two separate sections: criticism from within the LGBTQ+ community, and that from outside. Ongoing discussions persist within the community regarding the term "queer," as certain individuals express unease or dissent towards its usage due to its negative
historical associations. Conversely, some argue that the term lacks inclusivity, as it fails to accurately encompass the wide range of experiences and identities within the community.

Externally, LGBTQ+ individuals often encounter resistance from conservative and heteronormative entities, such as religious institutions, political factions and individuals against LGBTQ+ rights. Criticisms vary from claims of exploiting "queer" for an agenda to arguments that LGBTQ+ identities are abnormal or unethical. This opposition emphasizes the persistent challenges for acceptance and equality experienced by LGBTQ+ individuals and communities globally, emphasizing the significance of sustained advocacy and education to address bias and discrimination.

One more prominent challenge worth taking into consideration when looking at how the term “queer” has developed over time is understanding the word through an intersectional lens. This allows us to fully consider the term across different LGBTQ+ social identities. Indeed, LGBTQ+ individuals from marginalized racial and ethnic communities likely faced their own community-based homophobia, transphobia, racism and xenophobia - adding to their experiences of discrimination when this term was used as a derogatory slur.

“Queer” in the Digital Age

It’s safe to say that the term “queer” has undergone a significant transformation in the last few centuries. However, the word has also found a dynamic and vibrant home online; “queer” in the digital age is used as both a descriptor and a rallying cry for LGBTQ+ individuals worldwide. The ever-changing definition of "queer" in digital spaces promotes a wide and welcoming view of LGBTQ+ experiences, while social media has helped in redefining "queer" as a symbol of strength and resistance against discrimination.

However, as always, there are complexities to consider, such as representation, privilege and accountability in online discussions. Despite these obstacles, the connection between "queer" and online communities/social media discourse is crucial for empowering and advocating for LGBTQ+ individuals in the digital era; as such, the evolution of queer language online has helped people connect, share stories and feel like they belong in digital spaces. This is especially pertinent if they don’t feel accepted in their physical home environment or country.

Much like in real life, the word "queer" has also changed a lot in LGBTQ+ internet culture. The reclamation of this term has led to many funny memes and expressions that show not just the LGBTQ+ community's strength and resilience, but quick wit too. Memes and trends with "queer" have spread on social media, proving that the community can take back and redefine language. These memes can be funny, making fun of stereotypes, or meaningful, showing the challenges and successes of LGBTQ+ experiences.

Queer Activism Today

We’re finishing our blog about the linguistic history of the term “queer” by bringing everything back to the present. As we’ve explored above, the repurposing of this word was essential for many LGBTQ+ activist groups in the late 20th century, as well as those who came after. Today, "queer" serves as a rallying cry for a new wave of LGBTQ+ activism, characterized

by a fierce commitment to visibility, equality and social justice. Indeed, recent movements and campaigns are using the term "queer" to support LGBTQ+ voices and push for change.

Online initiatives like #QueerAndProud and #QueerIsBeautiful are promoting discussions on queer visibility and empowerment, urging people to embrace their identities confidently. In the media, projects like "Queer Representation Matters" are advocating for more genuine and varied depictions of LGBTQ+ individuals, challenging stereotypes and fostering empathy. Additionally, the advocacy for LGBTQ+ rights using the term "queer" is crucial in advocating for legal changes and policy adjustments to eliminate discrimination and foster inclusivity.

Despite the progress made, LGBTQ+ individuals still face ongoing struggles for acceptance and equality worldwide. Discrimination, violence and systemic barriers continue to affect LGBTQ+ communities, despite legal protections and changing social attitudes. Transgender and non-binary individuals, in particular, experience higher rates of violence and discrimination, emphasizing the need for greater visibility and advocacy. LGBTQ+ youth also face challenges such as homelessness and mental health issues, highlighting the importance of inclusive support systems and resources.

Moreover, LGBTQ+ rights are still fiercely debated in many parts of the world, with discriminatory laws and societal attitudes impeding progress toward full equality. Therefore, queer activism remains a vital force in the ongoing fight for LGBTQ+ rights and the affirmation of diverse identities within society.

How has the term “queer” changed in your lifetime?

Your personal relationship to the term “queer” and how the word is/was used will likely change depending on how old you are - and if you’re a member of the LGBTQ+ community. However, we hope this article has provided you with a brief overview of the changing connotations of the term, and how it has earned its place in LGBTQ+ vernacular in the present.

In short, the term "queer" has evolved from a derogatory slur used to stigmatize to becoming an empowering umbrella term for various sexual orientations and gender identities. It seems the reclamation of "queer" in activism was not just about changing language; it was about asserting agency over one's identity and demanding recognition, equality and dignity for all.

Further Resources

If you’ve enjoyed delving into the complex linguistic history of the term “queer,” why not take your exploration into this part of history even further by looking at these LGBTQ+ archives and educational resources:

• The Bishopsgate Institute has a large collection of LGBTQIA+ history, politics and culture in the UK from the late 1800s onwards.
• The UK Leather and Fetish Archives preserves the history and culture of fetish, kink and BDSM in the UK.
• Studies in Scarlett is a collection that tells stories of legal cases about marriage and sexuality in the US and the UK between 1815 and 1914. It covers the trial of Oscar Wilde for sodomy, as well as other cases involving relationships that were considered unconventional at the time.
  -“Los Invisibles” is an academic paper about the history of male homosexuality in Spain, 1850 - 1940.
• ALOT: Archives of Lesbian Oral Testimony has many online oral histories and testimonies of women who are attracted to the same sex or gender.
• If you’re interested in finding out more about “Queer Theory” you can read this brief online guide or invest in relevant literature like a copy of A Critical Introduction to Queer Theory.
• Read up on the history and founding of Queer Nation, an activist group that reclaimed "queer" as a term of pride and unity.
• Watch a virtual exhibition of Queer Archive? and get an insight into the reception and development of the LGBTQ+ movement in 1990s Madrid.